The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another is governed by the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The average efficiency of energy transfer from herbivores to carnivores is:

Under which system mature trees are scattered over the whole area of the forest and felling should proceed annually over the whole area of the estate?

The rate of storage of food energy at consumer level is called:

If phytoplanktons are destroyed from sea, then:

Benefits of social forestry are:

Major types of climax are: