Explanation

Ibn-e-Khaldun, a 14th-century Muslim historian and philosopher, is renowned for his cyclical theory of the rise and fall of civilizations and states, as outlined in his work Muqaddimah. This theory explains how dynasties and states emerge, grow, decline, and fall due to social, economic, and political factors, such as ‘asabiyyah’ (group solidarity). None of the other options are associated with this specific theory.